O esporte e o lazer no programa nacional de assistência estudantil: revisão sistemática da literatura / Sport and leisure in the national student assistance program: systematic literature review

Objetivou-se analisar as publicações sobre esporte e lazer no contexto da assistência estudantil nas bases de referências e averiguar a aderência do esporte e lazer como uma ação da política de assistência estudantil nas instituições federais de ensino superior. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura estruturada em 8 passos: definição dos tópicos da pesquisa; escolha das bases; escolha das palavras-chave; pesquisa e armazenamento dos resultados encontrados; seleção dos materiais por resumo, considerando os critérios de inclusão/exclusão; extração de dados dos trabalhos selecionados; avaliação do material encontrado; e síntese e interpretação dos dados. O estudo é original por ser pioneiro em investigar, de maneira sistemática, a discussão do esporte e lazer no contexto da assistência estudantil. Ao agrupar as publicações e estruturar agenda de pesquisa, a partir do PNAES, garante ao estudo a originalidade e a relevância ao campo. Os principais resultados demonstram que a maioria dos estudos focam na verificação das ações prioritárias do PNAES desenvolvidas pelas IFES, seguida da avaliação da implementação do PNAES e o debate sobre o papel das IFES na formulação de políticas de esporte e lazer. O estudo amplia a discussão teórica do esporte como ação integrante no rol da assistência estudantil para além da figura de subsidiária das outras ações, além de estruturar indicações e sugestões de pesquisas futuras.

The objective was to analyze the publications on sport and leisure in the context of student assistance in the reference bases and to verify the adherence of sport and leisure as an action of the student assistance policy in federal institutions of higher education. This is a systematic review of the literature structured in 8 steps: definition of research topics; choice of bases; choice of keywords; search and storage of the results found; selection of materials by summary, considering the inclusion/exclusion criteria; data extraction from selected works; evaluation of the material found; and synthesis and interpretation of data. The study is original for being a pioneer in systematically investigating the discussion of sport and leisure in the context of student assistance. By grouping the publications and structuring the research agenda, based on the PNAES, it guarantees the study originality and relevance to the field. The main results show that most studies focus on verifying the priority actions of the PNAES developed by the IFES, followed by the evaluation of the implementation of the PNAES and the debate on the role of the IFES in the formulation of sports and leisure policies. The study extends the theoretical discussion of sport as an integral action in the role of student assistance beyond the subsidiary figure of other actions, in addition to structuring indications and suggestions for future research.

Low-complexity three-dimensional discrete Hartley transform approximations for medical image compression.

The discrete Hartley transform (DHT) is a useful tool for medical image coding. The three-dimensional DHT (3D DHT) can be employed to compress medical image data, such as magnetic resonance and X-ray angiography. However, the computation of the 3D DHT involves several multiplications by irrational quantities, which require floating-point arithmetic and inherent truncation errors. In recent years, a significant progress in wireless and implantable biomedical devices has been achieved. Such devices present critical power and hardware limitations. The multiplication operation demands higher hardware, power, and time consumption than other arithmetic operations, such as addition and bit-shifts. In this work, we present a set of multiplierless DHT approximations, which can be implemented with fixed-point arithmetic. We derive 3D DHT approximations by employing tensor formalism. Such proposed methods present prominent computational savings compared to the usual 3D DHT approach, being appropriate for devices with limited resources. The proposed transforms are applied in a lossy 3D DHT-based medical image compression algorithm, presenting practically the same level of visual quality (>98% in terms of SSIM) at a considerable reduction in computational effort (100% multiplicative complexity reduction). Furthermore, we implemented the proposed 3D transforms in an ARM Cortex-M0+ processor employing the low-cost Raspberry Pi Pico board. The execution time was reduced by ∼70% compared to the usual 3D DHT and ∼90% compared to 3D DCT.

Wavelength-Resolution SAR Ground Scene Prediction Based on Image Stack.

This paper presents five different statistical methods for ground scene prediction (GSP) in wavelength-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The GSP image can be used as a reference image in a change detection algorithm yielding a high probability of detection and low false alarm rate. The predictions are based on image stacks, which are composed of images from the same scene acquired at different instants with the same flight geometry. The considered methods for obtaining the ground scene prediction include (i) autoregressive models; (ii) trimmed mean; (iii) median; (iv) intensity mean; and (v) mean. It is expected that the predicted image presents the true ground scene without change and preserves the ground backscattering pattern. The study indicates that the the median method provided the most accurate representation of the true ground. To show the applicability of the GSP, a change detection algorithm was considered using the median ground scene as a reference image. As a result, the median method displayed the probability of detection of 97 % and a false alarm rate of 0 . 11 / km 2 , when considering military vehicles concealed in a forest.

Low-Complexity Approximate Convolutional Neural Networks.

In this paper, we present an approach for minimizing the computational complexity of the trained convolutional neural networks (ConvNets). The idea is to approximate all elements of a given ConvNet and replace the original convolutional filters and parameters (pooling and bias coefficients; and activation function) with an efficient approximations capable of extreme reductions in computational complexity. Low-complexity convolution filters are obtained through a binary (zero and one) linear programming scheme based on the Frobenius norm over sets of dyadic rationals. The resulting matrices allow for multiplication-free computations requiring only addition and bit-shifting operations. Such low-complexity structures pave the way for low power, efficient hardware designs. We applied our approach on three use cases of different complexities: 1) a "light" but efficient ConvNet for face detection (with around 1000 parameters); 2) another one for hand-written digit classification (with more than 180 000 parameters); and 3) a significantly larger ConvNet: AlexNet with million matrices. We evaluated the overall performance on the respective tasks for different levels of approximations. In all considered applications, very low-complexity approximations have been derived maintaining an almost equal classification performance.

Low-Complexity Multidimensional DCT Approximations for High-Order Tensor Data Decorrelation.

In this paper, we introduce low-complexity multidimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) approximations. 3D DCT approximations are formalized in terms of high-order tensor theory. The formulation is extended to higher dimensions with arbitrary lengths. Several multiplierless 8×8 ×8 approximate methods are proposed and the computational complexity is discussed for the general multidimensional case. The proposed methods complexity cost was assessed, presenting considerably lower arithmetic operations when compared with the exact 3D DCT. The proposed approximations were embedded into 3D DCT-based video coding scheme and a modified quantization step was introduced. The simulation results showed that the approximate 3D DCT coding methods offer almost identical output visual quality when compared with exact 3D DCT scheme. The proposed 3D approximations were also employed as a tool for visual tracking. The approximate 3D DCT-based proposed system performs similarly to the original exact 3D DCT-based method. In general, the suggested methods showed competitive performance at a considerably lower computational cost.

Correction: Modeling Occupancy of Hosts by Mistletoe Seeds after Accounting for Imperfect Detectability.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127004.].

Modeling occupancy of hosts by mistletoe seeds after accounting for imperfect detectability.

The detection of an organism in a given site is widely used as a state variable in many metapopulation and epidemiological studies. However, failure to detect the species does not necessarily mean that it is absent. Assessing detectability is important for occupancy (presence-absence) surveys; and identifying the factors reducing detectability may help improve survey precision and efficiency. A method was used to estimate the occupancy status of host trees colonized by mistletoe seeds of Psittacanthus plagiophyllus as a function of host covariates: host size and presence of mistletoe infections on the same or on the nearest neighboring host (the cashew tree Anacardium occidentale). The technique also evaluated the effect of taking detectability into account for estimating host occupancy by mistletoe seeds. Individual host trees were surveyed for presence of mistletoe seeds with the aid of two or three observers to estimate detectability and occupancy. Detectability was, on average, 17% higher in focal-host trees with infected neighbors, while decreased about 23 to 50% from smallest to largest hosts. The presence of mistletoe plants in the sample tree had negligible effect on detectability. Failure to detect hosts as occupied decreased occupancy by 2.5% on average, with maximum of 10% for large and isolated hosts. The method presented in this study has potential for use with metapopulation studies of mistletoes, especially those focusing on the seed stage, but also as improvement of accuracy in occupancy models estimates often used for metapopulation dynamics of tree-dwelling plants in general.

Spatial and temporal changes in bird assemblages in forest fragments in an eastern Amazonian savannah.

We investigated the effects of forest fragmentation on bird assemblages in an Amazonian savannah landscape with forest fragments that have been isolated for more than 100 years. The study was conducted in areas surrounding the village of Alter do Chão (2°31'S, 55°00'W), Santarém, Brazil. Bird surveys and measurements of tree density were undertaken in 25 areas, with 19 plots in forest fragments of different sizes and six in an area of continuous forest. Data on forest-fragment size, perimeter, and isolation were obtained from a georeferenced satellite image. Variation in number of bird species recorded per plot was not related to vegetation structure (tree density). The number of bird species recorded per plot increased significantly only with fragment area, but was not influenced by fragment shape or degree of isolation, even when considering species from the savannah matrix in the analysis. Fragments had fewer rare species. Multivariate ordination analyses (multiple dimensional scaling, [MDS]) indicated that bird species composition changed along a gradient from small to large forest fragments and continuous-forest areas. In the Amazonian savannah landscapes of Alter do Chão, the organization and composition of bird assemblages in forest fragments are affected by local long-term forest-fragmentation processes. Differences in the number of bird species recorded per plot and assemblage composition between forest fragments and continuous forest were not influenced by forest structure, suggesting that the observed patterns in species composition result from the effects of fragmentation per se rather than from preexisting differences in vegetation structure between sites. Nevertheless, despite their long history of isolation, the forest fragments still preserve a large proportion (on average 80%) of the avifauna found in continuous-forest areas. The fragments at Alter do Chão are surrounded by natural (rather than planted) grassland, with many trees in the savannah matrix and the landscape has vast areas covered by forest, which may have helped to ameliorate the influences of forest fragmentation.

A informação do setor de faturamento como suporte à tomada de decisão: um estudo de caso no Hospital Universitário da UFGD / Information from the invoicing sector as support for decision-making: a case study at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD)

O setor público é o principal financiador das internações hospitalares e as informações geradas vão constituir o sistema de informação hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O objetivo deste artigo é estruturar um modelo de relatório visando à utilização em hospitais universitários, para a tomada de decisão. Como referencial teórico, buscou-se suporte nas discussões acerca de: SUS, instituição hospitalar, sistemas de informações hospitalares e tomada de decisão. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, o mesmo caracteriza-se como qualitativo-descritivo, sendo desenvolvido por meio de um estudo de caso único e pesquisa-ação. As análises dos dados primários foram realizadas em dois momentos: de janeiro a dezembro de 2007 e de janeiro a dezembro de 2008. Baseado nestes períodos é descrito o que foi constatado e apresentado para a construção de novos relatórios, explicando a importância e a necessidade de cada. Por fim, é estruturado um modelo de relatório sintético para o caso das informações discutidas no artigo serem contempladas. Conclui-se que o sistema de informação hospitalar pode se tornar uma potencial ferramenta de suporte, à medida que se façam ajustes e que o relatório estruturado possa prover a instituição à tomada de decisão com uma comunicação objetiva.

The public sector is the main financing agent of hospital admissions and the information generated constitutes the input for the hospital information network of the Unified Health System (SUS). This paper seeks to design a report template to be used for decision-making in both public and university hospitals. The theoretical approach sought inspiration in discussions about the SUS, hospital institutions, hospital information systems and decision-making. The methodological procedures used are characterized as qualitative-descriptive methods and were conducted in a single case study and action research. The primary data analysis was carried out in two stages from January through December 2007 and from January through December 2008. Based on these periods, the findings were described and the elaboration of new reports was presented, with the importance and need for each being duly emphasized. Lastly, a structured report template was created for the case study that includes information discussed in the article. The conclusion reached is that the hospital information system can become a potential support tool, as the necessary adjustments are made and the report is structured to furnish the institution with an objective communication tool for decision-making.

[Information from the invoicing sector as support for decision-making: a case study at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD)]. / A informação do setor de faturamento como suporte à tomada de decisão: um estudo de caso no Hospital Universitário da UFGD.

The public sector is the main financing agent of hospital admissions and the information generated constitutes the input for the hospital information network of the Unified Health System (SUS). This paper seeks to design a report template to be used for decision-making in both public and university hospitals. The theoretical approach sought inspiration in discussions about the SUS, hospital institutions, hospital information systems and decision-making. The methodological procedures used are characterized as qualitative-descriptive methods and were conducted in a single case study and action research. The primary data analysis was carried out in two stages from January through December 2007 and from January through December 2008. Based on these periods, the findings were described and the elaboration of new reports was presented, with the importance and need for each being duly emphasized. Lastly, a structured report template was created for the case study that includes information discussed in the article. The conclusion reached is that the hospital information system can become a potential support tool, as the necessary adjustments are made and the report is structured to furnish the institution with an objective communication tool for decision-making.

Effects of forest structure components on the occurence, group size and density of groups of bare-face tamarin (Saguinus bicolor - primates: Callitrichinae) in Central Amazonia / Efeito dos componentes estruturais da floresta na ocorrência, tamanho e densidade de grupos do sauim-de-coleira (Saguinus bicolor - primates: Callitrichinae), na Amazônia Central

This study analyzed the influence of forest structural components on the occurence, size and density of groups of Bare-face Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) - the most threatened species in the Amazon - and produced the first map of distribution of groups in large-scale spatial within the area of continuous forest. Population censuses were conducted between November 2002 and July 2003, covering 6400 hectares in the Ducke Reserve, Manaus-AM, Brazil. Groups of S. bicolor were recorded 41 times accordingly distributed in the environments: plateau (20); slopes (12); and lowlands (09). The mean group size was 4.8 indiv./group, and ranged from 2 to 11 individuals. In the sites where the groups were recorded, and in an equivalent number of sites where no tamarins were found located at least 500 m from those where they had been recorded, we placed 50 m x 50 m plots to record the following forest structural components: abundance of trees; abundance of lianas; abundance of fruiting trees and lianas; abundance of snags; abundance of logs; percentage of canopy opening; leaf litter depth; and altitude. Bare-face Tamarin more often uses areas with lower abundance of forest logs, smaller canopy opening and with higher abundance of snags, areas in the forest with smaller canopy opening present higher density of S. bicolor groups. Apparently this species does not use the forest in a random way, and may select areas for its daily activities depending on the micro-environmental heterogeneity produced by the forest structural components.

Este estudo analisou a influência de componentes estruturais da floresta na ocorrência, tamanho e densidade de grupos do Sauim-de-coleira (Saguinus bicolor) a espécie de primata mais ameaçada na Amazônia - e produziu o primeiro mapa de distribuição de grupos em grande escala espacial dentro de uma área continua de floresta. Censos populacionais foram conduzidos entre novembro de 2002 e julho de 2003, cobrindo 6400 hectares na Reserva Ducke, Manaus-AM, Brasil. Quarenta e um grupos de sauins foram registrados conforme os ambientes: platô (20), vertente (12), e baixio (09). O número de indivíduos por grupo variou de 2 a 11, com uma média de 4,8 indivíduos/grupo. Nos locais onde os grupos foram registrados, e em um número equivalente onde não ocorreram, localizados a pelo menos 500 m daqueles locais onde eles ocorreram, colocamos parcelas de 50m x 50m para registrar os seguintes componentes de estrutura da floresta: abundância de árvores, abundância de lianas, abundância de árvores e lianas frutificando, abundância de troncos mortos em pé, abundância de troncos mortos no chão, percentagem de abertura do dossel, profundidade do folhiço, e altitude. O sauim-de-coleira usou mais freqüentemente áreas com menor abundância de troncos mortos no chão, menor abertura do dossel, e com maior abundância de troncos mortos em pé. Areas com menor abertura do dossel apresentaram maiores densidades de grupos de sauím-de-coleira. Aparentemente esta espécie não usa a floresta ao acaso, e deve selecionar áreas para as suas atividades diárias dependendo da heterogeneidade micro-ambiental produzida por componentes estruturais da floresta.

Abundance of two Dendrocincla woodcreepers (aves: Dendrocolaptidae) in relation to forest structure in Central Amazonia / O uso do habitat por duas espécies de arapaçus Dendrocincla (aves: Dendrocolaptidae) em relação a estrutura da floresta na Amazônia Central

Few studies have been conducted to verify how the structure of the forest affects the occurence and abundance of neotropical birds. Our research was undertaken between January 2002 and July 2004 at the Reserva Ducke, near Manaus (02°55',03°01'S; 59°53',59°59'W) in central Amazonia, to verify how the forest structure affects the occurrence and abundance of two bird species: the Plain-brown Woodcreeper Dendrocincla fuliginosa and the White-chinned Woodcreeper Dendrocincla merula. Bird species occurrence was recorded using lines of 20 mist-nets (one sample unit), along 51 1-km transects distributed along 9 pararel 8 km trails covering an area of 6400 ha. Along these transects, we placed 50 x 50m plots where we recorded forest structure components (tree abundance, canopy openness, leaf litter, standing dead trees, logs, proximity to streams, and altitude). We then related these variables to bird occurence and abundance using multiple logistic and multiple linear regression models, respectively. We found that D. fuliginosa frequently used plateau areas; being more abundant in areas with more trees. On the other hand, D. merula occurred more frequently and was more abundant in areas with low tree abundance. Our results suggest that although both species overlap in the reserve (both were recorded in at least 68 percent of the sampled sites), they differ in the way they use the forest microhabitats. Therefore, local variation in the forest structure may contribute to the coexistence of congeneric species and may help to maintain local alpha diversity.

Em florestas neotropicais, poucos estudos tem sido conduzidos para verificar como a estrutura da floresta afeta o uso desse ambiente por aves. Este estudo foi realizado entre Janeiro de 2002 e Julho de 2004 na Reserva Ducke próximo a Manaus (02°55',03°01'S; 59°53',59°59'W), para verificar como a estrutura da floresta afeta a ocorrência e abundância de duas espécies de aves: o Arapaçu-pardo, Dendrocincla fuliginosa e o Arapaçu-da-taoca, Dendrocincla merula. A ocorrência das espécies de aves foi registrada com 20 redes ornitológicas (unidade amostral), dispostas em linha contínua ao longo de cada um dos 51 transectos de 1 km distribuídos ao longo de nove trilhas pararelas de 8 km em uma área de 6400 ha. Em cada transecto foram demarcadas parcelas de 50 x 50 m, para registrar alguns componentes da estrutura da floresta (abundância de árvores, abertura do dossel, folhiço, troncos mortos em pé, troncos mortos no chão, proximidade de igarapés e altitude) os quais foram então relacionados com a ocorrência e a abundância das aves através de modelos de regressão múltipla logística e múltipla linear, respectivamente. D.fuliginosa utiliza mais frequentemente áreas de platô, e a sua abundância foi maior em áreas com maior abundância de árvores. D.merula ocorreu mais freqüentemente e em maiores abundâncias em áreas com baixa abundância de árvores. Os resultados sugerem que as duas espécies sobrepõem suas áreas de uso (ambas foram registradas em pelo menos 68,6 por cento dos locais amostrados), mas elas separaram-se no modo de uso do microhabitat. Portanto, a variação local na estrutura da floresta pode contribuir para a co-ocorrência de espécies congenéricas e deve ajudar a manter a diversidade alfa local.

Contributions of C3 and C4 plants to higher trophic levels in an Amazonian savanna.

We studied the energy flow from C3 and C4 plants to higher trophic levels in a central Amazonian savanna by comparing the carbon stable-isotope ratios of potential food plants to the isotope ratios of species of different consumer groups. All C4 plants encountered in our study area were grasses and all C3 plants were bushes, shrubs or vines. Differences in δ13C ratios among bushes (x¯ = -30.8, SD = 1.2), vines (x¯ = -30.7, SD = 0.46) and trees (x¯ = -29.7, SD = 1.5) were small. However the mean δ13C ratio of dicotyledonous plants (x¯ = -30.4, SD = 1.3) was much more negative than that of the most common grasses (x¯ = -13.4, SD = 0.27). The insect primary consumers had δ13C ratios which ranged from a mean of -29.5 (SD = 0.47) for the grasshopper Tropidacris collaris to a mean of -14.7 (SD = 0.56) for a termite (Nasutitermes sp.), a range similar to that of the vegetation. However, the common insectivorous and omnivorous vertebrates had intermediate values for δ13C, indicating that carbon from different autotrophic sources mixes rapidly as it moves up the food chain. Despite this mixing, the frogs and lizards generally had higher values of δ13C (x¯ = -21.7, SD = 1.6; x¯ = -21.9, SD = 1.8, respectively) than the birds (x¯ = -24.8, SD = 1.8) and the only species of mammal resident in the savanna (x¯ = -25.4), indicating that they are generally more dependent on, or more able to utilise, food chains based on C4 grasses.